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13.
A moral act must be our own act; must spring from our own will. If we act mechanically, there is no moral content in our act. Such action would be moral, if we think it proper to act like a machine and do so. For, in doing so, we use our discrimination. We should bear in mind the distinction between acting mechanically and acting intentionally. It may be moral of a king to pardon a culprit. But the messenger carrying out the order of pardon plays only a mechanical part in the king’s moral act. But if the messenger were to carry out the king’s order considering it to be his duty, his action be a moral one. How can a man understand morality who does not use his own intelligence and power of thought, but lets himself be swept along like a log of wood by a current? Sometimes a man defies convention and acts on his own with a view to absolute good.
[1] Which of the following statements best describe/describes the thought of the writer?
(A) A moral act calls for using our discretion.
(B) Man should react to a situation immediately.
(C) Man must do his duty.
(D) Man should be able to defy convention in order to be moral.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
(1) A only
(2) A and C
(3) B and C
(4) A and D[2] Which of the following statements is the nearest definition of moral action, according to the writer?
(1) It is a mechanical action based on official orders from superiors.
(2) It is an action based on our sense of discretion.
(3) It is a clever action based on the clarity of purpose.
(4) It religious action based on understanding.[3] The passage contains a statement "lets himself be swept along like a log of wood by a current." Among the following statements, which is/are nearest in meaning to this?
(A) A person does not use his own reason.
(B) He is susceptible to influence/pressure.
(C) He cannot withstand difficulties/challenges.
(D) He is like a log of wood.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(1) A only
(2) A and B
(3) B and C
(4) A and Dasked in UPSC
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14.
Ecosystems provide people with a variety of goods and services; food, clean water, clean air, flood control, soil stabilization, pollination, climate regulation, spiritual fulfillment and aesthetic enjoyment, to name just a few. Most of these benefits either are irreplaceable or the technology necessary to replace them is prohibitively expensive. For example, potable fresh water cab be provided by desalinating sea-water, but only at great cost.
The rapidly expanding human population has greatly modified the Earth's ecosystem to meet their increased requirements of some of the goods and services, particularly food, fresh water, timber, fibre and fuel. These modifications have contributed substantially to human well being and economic development. The benefits have not been equally distributed. Some people have actually been harmed by these changes. Moreover, short-term increases in some ecosystem goods and services have come at the cost of the long-term degradation of others. For example, efforts to increase the production of food and fibre have decreased the ability of some ecosystems to provide clean water, regulate flooding and support biodiversity.[1] With reference to the passage, consider the following statements.
Expanding human population has an adverse effect on:
(A) Spiritual fulfilment
(B) Aesthetic enjoyment
(C) Potable fresh water
(D) Production of food and fibre
(E) Bio diversity
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(1) A, B and C only
(2) B, D and E only
(3) C and E only
(4) A, B, C, D and E[2] The passage mentions that "some people have actually been harmed by these changes". What does it imply?
(A) The rapid expansion of population has adversely affected some people.
(B) Sufficient efforts have not been made to increase the production of food and fibre.
(C) In the short term some people may be harmed, but in the long term everyone will benefit from modifications in the Earth's ecosystems.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(1) A only
(2) B
(3) A and C
(4) None of the statements given above[3] With reference to the passage, consider the following statements:
(A) It is imperative to modify the Earth's ecosystems for the well being of mankind.
(B) Technology can never replace all the goods and services provided by ecosystems.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(1) A only
(2) B only
(3) Both A and B
(4) Neither A nor Basked in UPSC
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