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1.
In spring polar bear mothers emerge from dens with three month old cubs. The mother bear has fasted for as long as eight months but that does not stop the young from demanding full access to her remaining reserves. If there are triplets, the most persistent stands to gain an extra meal and it may have the meal at the expense of others. The smallest of the litter forfeits many meals to stronger siblings. Females are protective of their cubs but tend to ignore family rivalry over food. In 21 years of photographing polar bears, I've only once seen the smallest of triplets survive till autumn.
[1] Female polar bears give birth during
(1) spring
(2) summer
(3) autumn
(4) winter[2] Mother bear
(1) takes sides over cubs
(2) lets the cubs fend for themselves
(3) feeds only their favourites
(4) sees that all cubs get an equal share[3] With reference to the passage, the following assumptions have been made:
(A) Polar bears fast as long as eight months due to non-availability of prey.
(B) Polar bears always give birth to triplets.
Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?
(1) A only
(2) B only
(3) Both A and B
(4) Neither A nor Basked in UPSC
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2.
I opened the bag and packed the boots in; and then, just as I was going to close it, a horrible idea occurred to me. Had I packed my toothbrush? I don’t know how it is, but I never do know whether I’ ve packed my toothbrush.
My toothbrush is thing that haunts me when I'm travelling, and makes my life a misery. I dream that I haven't packed it, and wake up in a cold perspiration, and get out of bed and hunt for it. And, in the morning, I pack it before I have used it, and it is always the last thing I turn out of the bag; and then I repack and forget it, and have to rush upstairs for it at the last moment and carry it to the railway station, wrapped up in my pocket-handkerchief.[1] When he was going to close the bag, the idea that
occurred to him was
(1) unpleasant
(2) sad
(3) fantastic
(4) amusing[2] What makes his life miserable whenever he undertakes travelling?
(1) Going to railway station
(2) Forgetting the toothbrush
(3) Packing his bag
(4) Bad dreams[3] His toothbrush is finally
(1) in his bag
(2) in his bed
(3) in his handkerchief
(4) lostasked in UPSC
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3.
He walked several miles that day but could not get anything to eat or drink except some dry bread and some water, which he got from cottagers and farmers. As night fell, he slept under a haystack lying in a meadow. He felt frightened at first, for the wind blew awfully over the empty fields. He felt cold and hungry, and was feeling more lonely than he had ever felt before He, however, soon fell asleep, being much tired with his long walk. When he got up next day, he was feeling terribly hungry so he purchased a loaf of bread with a few coins that he had.
[1] When the night fell, he slept
(1) in the open field
(2) under a pile of dry grass
(3) in a farmer's cottage
(4) under a tree[2] He soon fell asleep because
(1) he was exhausted
(2) he was all alone
(3) he had not slept for days
(4) he was very frightened[3] With reference to the passage, consider the following statements:
(A) He was walking through the countryside.
(B) The cottagers and farmers gave him enough food so that he could sleep at night without feeling hungry.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(1) A only
(2) B only
(3) both A and B
(4) Neither A nor Basked in UPSC
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4.
A moral act must be our own act; must spring from our own will. If we act mechanically, there is no moral content in our act. Such action would be moral, if we think it proper to act like a machine and do so. For, in doing so, we use our discrimination. We should bear in mind the distinction between acting mechanically and acting intentionally. It may be moral of a king to pardon a culprit. But the messenger carrying out the order of pardon plays only a mechanical part in the king’s moral act. But if the messenger were to carry out the king’s order considering it to be his duty, his action be a moral one. How can a man understand morality who does not use his own intelligence and power of thought, but lets himself be swept along like a log of wood by a current? Sometimes a man defies convention and acts on his own with a view to absolute good.
[1] Which of the following statements best describe/describes the thought of the writer?
(A) A moral act calls for using our discretion.
(B) Man should react to a situation immediately.
(C) Man must do his duty.
(D) Man should be able to defy convention in order to be moral.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
(1) A only
(2) A and C
(3) B and C
(4) A and D[2] Which of the following statements is the nearest definition of moral action, according to the writer?
(1) It is a mechanical action based on official orders from superiors.
(2) It is an action based on our sense of discretion.
(3) It is a clever action based on the clarity of purpose.
(4) It religious action based on understanding.[3] The passage contains a statement "lets himself be swept along like a log of wood by a current." Among the following statements, which is/are nearest in meaning to this?
(A) A person does not use his own reason.
(B) He is susceptible to influence/pressure.
(C) He cannot withstand difficulties/challenges.
(D) He is like a log of wood.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(1) A only
(2) A and B
(3) B and C
(4) A and Dasked in UPSC
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5.
Ecosystems provide people with a variety of goods and services; food, clean water, clean air, flood control, soil stabilization, pollination, climate regulation, spiritual fulfillment and aesthetic enjoyment, to name just a few. Most of these benefits either are irreplaceable or the technology necessary to replace them is prohibitively expensive. For example, potable fresh water cab be provided by desalinating sea-water, but only at great cost.
The rapidly expanding human population has greatly modified the Earth's ecosystem to meet their increased requirements of some of the goods and services, particularly food, fresh water, timber, fibre and fuel. These modifications have contributed substantially to human well being and economic development. The benefits have not been equally distributed. Some people have actually been harmed by these changes. Moreover, short-term increases in some ecosystem goods and services have come at the cost of the long-term degradation of others. For example, efforts to increase the production of food and fibre have decreased the ability of some ecosystems to provide clean water, regulate flooding and support biodiversity.[1] With reference to the passage, consider the following statements.
Expanding human population has an adverse effect on:
(A) Spiritual fulfilment
(B) Aesthetic enjoyment
(C) Potable fresh water
(D) Production of food and fibre
(E) Bio diversity
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(1) A, B and C only
(2) B, D and E only
(3) C and E only
(4) A, B, C, D and E[2] The passage mentions that "some people have actually been harmed by these changes". What does it imply?
(A) The rapid expansion of population has adversely affected some people.
(B) Sufficient efforts have not been made to increase the production of food and fibre.
(C) In the short term some people may be harmed, but in the long term everyone will benefit from modifications in the Earth's ecosystems.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(1) A only
(2) B
(3) A and C
(4) None of the statements given above[3] With reference to the passage, consider the following statements:
(A) It is imperative to modify the Earth's ecosystems for the well being of mankind.
(B) Technology can never replace all the goods and services provided by ecosystems.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(1) A only
(2) B only
(3) Both A and B
(4) Neither A nor Basked in UPSC
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6.
A species that exerts an influence out of proportion to its abundance in an ecosystem is called a keystone species. The keystone species may influence both the species richness of communities and the flow of energy and materials through ecosystems. The sea star Pisaster ochraceus, which lives in rocky intertidal ecosystems on the Pacific coast of North America, is also an example of a keystone species. Its preferred prey is the mussel Mytilus californianus.In the absence of sea stars, these mussels crowd out other competitors in a broad belt of the intertidal zone. By consuming mussels, sea star creates bare spaces that are taken over by a variety of other species.
A study at the University of Washington demonstrated the influence of Pisaster on species richness by removing sea stars from selected parts of the intertidal zone repeatedly over a period of five years. Two major changes occurred in the areas from which sea stars were removed. First, the lower edge of the mussel bed extended farther down into the intertidal zone, showing that sea stars are able to eliminate mussels completely where they are covered with water most of the time. Second, and more dramatically, 28 species of animals and algae disappeared from the sea star removal zone. Eventually only Mytilus, the dominant competitor, occupied the entire substratum. Through its effect on competitive relationships, predation by Pisaster largely determines which species live in these rocky intertidal ecosystems.[1] What is the crux of the passage?
(1) Sea star has a preferred prey.
(2) A preferred prey determines the survical of a keystone species.
(3) Keystone species ensures species diversity.
(4) Sea star is the only keystone species on the Pacific coast of North America.[2] With reference of the passage, consider the following statements :
(A) Mussels are generally the dominant species in intertidal ecosystems.
(B) The survival of sea stars is generally determined by the abundance of mussels.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(1) A only
(2) B only
(3) Both A and B
(4) Neither A nor B[3] Which of the following is/are implied by the passage?
(A) Mussels are always hard competitors for sea stars.
(B) Sea stars of the Pacific coast have reached the climax of their evolution.
(C) Sea stars constitute an important component in the energy flow intertidal ecosystem.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(1) A and B
(2) B only
(3) A and C
(4) C only[4] Consider the following assumptions :
(A) The food chains/food web in an ecosystem are influenced by keystone species.
(B) The presence of keystone species is a specific characteristic of aquatic ecosystems.
(C) If the keystone species is completely removed from an ecosystem, it will lead to the collapse of the ecosystem.
With reference to the passage, which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(1) A only
(2) B and C only
(3) A and C only
(4) A, B and C
asked in UPSC
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