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In the evolution of philosophic thought the following question has played a major role: is there any knowledge that arises solely out of pure thought, without any of sense perception? An almost boundless chaos of philosophical opinions corresponds to these questions. Nevertheless there is visible in this process of relatively fruitless but heroic endeavours a systematic trend of development, namely an increasing scepticism concerning every attempt by means of pure thought to learn something about the "objective world. Be it said parenthetically that quotation marks here to introduce an illegitimate concept which the reader is asked to permit for the moment, although the concept is suspect in the eyes of the philosophical police.
During philosophy's childhood it was rather generally believed that it is possible to find everything which can be known by means of mere reflection. It was an illusion which anyone can easily understand if he discusses what he has learned from later philosophy and from natural science. He will not be surprised to find that Plato ascribed a higher reality to "ideas" than to empirically experienceable things. This more aristocratic illusion concerning the unlimited penetrative power of thought has as its counterpart the more plebeian illusion of naive realism. This is also the point of departure in all of the sciences, especially of the natural sciences.
Russell has characterized this process in a concise fashion ... “we all start naive realism, i. e., the doctrine that things are what they seem. We think that grass is green and stones are hard and that snow is cold. But physics assures us that the greenness of grass, the hardness of stones, and the coldness of snow are not the greenness, hardness, and coldness that we know in our experience, but something very different. Observing a stone, is really, if physics is to be believed, observing the effects of the stone upon himself. Thus science seems to be at war with itself. When it most wants to be objective, it finds itself plunged into subjectivity against its will. Naive realism leads to physics, and physics, if true, shows that naive realism is false. Therefore, naive realism, if true, is false: therefore it is false”.[1] Which of the following options BEST captures the essence of the passage?
(1) Early philosophy and its evolution
(2) Theory of knowledge and philosophy
(3) Evolution of philosophical thought
(4) An enquiry into the nature and meaning of knowledge[2] Which of the following statements CANNOT be deduced from the given passage?
(1) Several philosophical opinions exist on the relationship between knowledge and sense impression.
(2) The belief in the power of knowledge separates philosophy from the physical and nature sciences.
(3) Plato, being a philosopher gave more importance to ideas than to things that can be experienced.
(4) Subjectivity is part of science.[3] The word “parenthetically” in the given passage means:
(1) With special reference
(2) Stated within brakets
(3) As parents would say
(4) Within quotation marks[4] The last sentence of the passage implies that
(1) To believe in naive realism is to acknowledge the existence of green grass and cold snow.
(2) Naive realism leads to observations that are true in their form but are false perception of existence.
(3) Illusion and knowledge have a string relationship.
(4) Observation of stone and grass is possible through naive realism.asked in JMET
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58.
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Though persons of any age can have cancer, recent research has shown that eating fiber rich diet may reduce risk of some types of cancer. Modern lifestyle has resulted in increased consumption of junk food that is low in fiber. We should fortify junk food with fiber.[1] "NO JUNK FOOD NO CANCER"!
(A) The statement cannot be logically inferred from the passage.
(B) The statement is a logical inference from the passage above.
(C) The passage has contradicting statements.
(D) None of the above.[2] I: Cancer is a modern disease.
II: Modern lifestyle and eating habits may have increased risk of cancer.
(A) Both I and II can be logically inferred from the above passage.
(B) Neither I nor II can be logically inferred from the above passage.
(C) Only I can be logically inferred from the above passage.
(D) Only II can be logically inferred from the above passage.asked in JMET
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