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67.
Neither misery nor folly seems to be any part of the inevitable lot of man. And I am convinced that intelligence, patience and eloquence can, sooner or later, lead the human race out of its self imports tortures provide it does not exterminate itself meanwhile.
On the basis of this belief, I have always had the certain degree of optimism, although, as i have grown older, the optimism has grown more sober and the happy issues more distant. But I remain completely incapable of agreeing with those who accept fatalistically the view that man has born to trouble. The causes of unhappiness in the past and in the present are not difficult to ascertain. They have been poverty, pestilence, and famine, which were due to man’s inadequate mastery of nature. They have been wars, oppressions and tortures which have been due to men’s hostility to their fellow men. And they have been morbid miseries fostered by gloomy creeds, which have led men into profound inner discords that made all outward prosperity of no avail. All this are unnecessary. In regard to all of them, means are known by which they can be overcome. In the modern world if communities are unhappy, it is because they choose to be so. Or to speak more precisely, because they have ignorance, habits, beliefs, and passions which are dearer to them then happiness or even life. I find many men in our dangerous age who seem to in love with misery and death and grow angry when hopes are suggested to them.
At first I imagine that the task of awaking people to the dangers of the Nuclear Peril should not be very difficult. I shared the general belief that the motive of self preservation is a very powerful one which, when it comes into operation, generally overrides all others. I thought that people would not like the prospect of being fried with their families and their neighbours and every living person that they had heard of. I thought that it would be necessary to make the danger known and that, when this had been done, men of all parties will unite to restore previous safety. I found that this is a mistake. There is a motive which is stronger than self preservation; it is the desire to get the better of the other fellow.[1] Which of the following option BEST describes the gist of the passage?
(1) Unhappiness is the matter of personal choice and is not external to oneself.
(2) Happiness lies in acknowledging future possibilities of gloom.
(3) Unhappiness lies in the discovery of self-belief and assessment.
(4) Happiness comes from facing unpleasant possibilities.[2] In the passage, the word ‘fatalistically’ refers to:
(1) pre-assessed
(2) pre-viewed
(3) pre-ordained
(4) pre-fixed[3] From the line “And they have been morbid miseries fostered by gloomy creeds, which have led men into profound inner discords that made all outward prosperity of no avail.”, it can be deduced that:
(1) Prosperity has vanished due to people’s greed and desire for destruction.
(2) Man- made unhappiness makes people view wealth and material
(3) Sadness has led to severe miseries.
(4) Hostility towards one’s own kind can destroy inner peace.asked in JMET
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68.
In the evolution of philosophic thought the following question has played a major role: is there any knowledge that arises solely out of pure thought, without any of sense perception? An almost boundless chaos of philosophical opinions corresponds to these questions. Nevertheless there is visible in this process of relatively fruitless but heroic endeavours a systematic trend of development, namely an increasing scepticism concerning every attempt by means of pure thought to learn something about the "objective world. Be it said parenthetically that quotation marks here to introduce an illegitimate concept which the reader is asked to permit for the moment, although the concept is suspect in the eyes of the philosophical police.
During philosophy's childhood it was rather generally believed that it is possible to find everything which can be known by means of mere reflection. It was an illusion which anyone can easily understand if he discusses what he has learned from later philosophy and from natural science. He will not be surprised to find that Plato ascribed a higher reality to "ideas" than to empirically experienceable things. This more aristocratic illusion concerning the unlimited penetrative power of thought has as its counterpart the more plebeian illusion of naive realism. This is also the point of departure in all of the sciences, especially of the natural sciences.
Russell has characterized this process in a concise fashion ... “we all start naive realism, i. e., the doctrine that things are what they seem. We think that grass is green and stones are hard and that snow is cold. But physics assures us that the greenness of grass, the hardness of stones, and the coldness of snow are not the greenness, hardness, and coldness that we know in our experience, but something very different. Observing a stone, is really, if physics is to be believed, observing the effects of the stone upon himself. Thus science seems to be at war with itself. When it most wants to be objective, it finds itself plunged into subjectivity against its will. Naive realism leads to physics, and physics, if true, shows that naive realism is false. Therefore, naive realism, if true, is false: therefore it is false”.[1] Which of the following options BEST captures the essence of the passage?
(1) Early philosophy and its evolution
(2) Theory of knowledge and philosophy
(3) Evolution of philosophical thought
(4) An enquiry into the nature and meaning of knowledge[2] Which of the following statements CANNOT be deduced from the given passage?
(1) Several philosophical opinions exist on the relationship between knowledge and sense impression.
(2) The belief in the power of knowledge separates philosophy from the physical and nature sciences.
(3) Plato, being a philosopher gave more importance to ideas than to things that can be experienced.
(4) Subjectivity is part of science.[3] The word “parenthetically” in the given passage means:
(1) With special reference
(2) Stated within brakets
(3) As parents would say
(4) Within quotation marks[4] The last sentence of the passage implies that
(1) To believe in naive realism is to acknowledge the existence of green grass and cold snow.
(2) Naive realism leads to observations that are true in their form but are false perception of existence.
(3) Illusion and knowledge have a string relationship.
(4) Observation of stone and grass is possible through naive realism.asked in JMET
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69.
‗Beliefs‘ soften the hardships, even can make them pleasant. In God, man can find very strong consolation and support. Without Him, man has to depend upon himself. At testing moments, vanity, if any, evaporates and man cannot dare to defy the general beliefs; if he does, then we must conclude that he has got certain other strengths than mere vanity. This is exactly the situation now. Judgment is already too well known. Within a week it is to be pronounced. What is the consolation with the exception of the idea that I am going to sacrifice my life for a cause? A God-believing Hindu might be expecting to be reborn as a king, a Muslim or a Christian might dream of the luxuries to be enjoyed in paradise and the reward he is to get for his sufferings and sacrifices. But what am I to expect? I know the moment the rope is fitted round my neck and rafters removed, from under my feet: that will be the final moment, that will be the last moment. I, or to be more precise, my soul, as interpreted in the metaphysical terminology, shall all be finished there. Nothing further.
A short life of struggle with no such magnificent end shall in itself be the reward if I have the courage to take it in that light. That is all. With no selfish motive or desire to be awarded here or hereafter, quite disinterestedly have I devoted my life to the cause of independence, because I could not do otherwise. The day we find a great number of men and women with this psychology who cannot devote themselves to anything else than the service of mankind and emancipation of the suffering humanity - that day shall inaugurate the era of liberty.
Not to become a king, nor to gain any other rewards here, or in the next birth or after death in paradise, shall they be inspired to challenge the oppressors, exploiters, and tyrants, but to cast off the yoke of serfdom from the neck of humanity and to establish liberty and peace shall they tread this - to their individual selves perilous and to their noble selves the only glorious imaginable path. Is the pride in their noble cause to be misinterpreted as vanity? Who dares to utter such an abominable epithet? To him, I say either he is a fool or a knave. Let us forgive him for he cannot realize the depth, the emotion, the sentiment and the noble feelings that surge in that heart. His heart is dead as a mere lump of flesh, his eyes are weak, the evils of other interests having been cast over them. Self-reliance is always liable to be interpreted as vanity. It is sad and miserable but there is no help.
You go and oppose the prevailing faith, you go and criticize a hero, a great man, who is generally believed to be above criticism because he is thought to be infallible, the strength of your argument shall force the multitude to decry you as vainglorious. This is due to the mental stagnation: criticism and independent thinking are the two indispensable qualities of a revolutionary. Because Mahatmaji is great, therefore none should criticize him. Because he has risen above, therefore everything he says " may be in the field of politics or religion, economics or ethics " is right. Whether you are convinced or not you must say, "Yes. That‘s true". This mentality does not lead towards progress. It is rather too obviously, reactionary.[1] Which one of the following statements can be deduced from the above passage?
(A) Individuals who neither believe in God nor in the infallibility of great men are arrogant.
(B) Belief is convenient as it even makes a hard reality at present more bearable because of a promise of a better future.
(C) Only some individuals are able to attain greatness and by following them uncritically the society can make significant progress.
(D) If you do not believe in God, then you can never hope to achieve anything great in life.[2] Which of the following statements BEST captures the essence of the passage?
(A) When we criticize a great man like Mahatmaji, we are motivated by arrogance and a desire to question anything good through meaningless arguments.
(B) All human beings ought to desist from believing anything in order to be able to achieve something meaningful.
(C) The author is trying to present his defense for not believing in the existence of God, even though it is probably more convenient to do so, than going against the generally accepted norms of the society.
(D) It is wrong to believe in God for achieving kingship or for rewards in this world, or for paradise after death, and instead, one should believe in God without expecting anything in return.[3] The word 'vainglorious' as used in the passage is EXACTLY OPPOSITE in meaning to: (A) truthful
(B) proud
(C) dishonest
(D) humble[4] Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE as per the passage?
(A) Pride in a noble cause should not be interpreted as vanity
(B) Service to mankind is the ultimate path to freedom.
(C) Criticizing heroes and great men can lead to progress.
(D) The author is upset because he has nothing to expect in the after life.asked in JMET
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70.
The starring point for our discussion is the common view expressed in the saying "Necessity is the mother of invention." That is, inventions supposedly arise when a society has an unfulfilled need. Would-be inventors, motivated by the prospect of money or fame, perceive the need and try to meet it. Some inventor finally comes up with a solution superior to an existing, unsatisfactory technology. Society adopts the solution if it is compatible with the society‘s values and other technologies. Some inventions do conform to this commonsense view of necessity as inventions‘ mother. Eli Whitney‘s 1794 invention of a cotton gin to replace laborious hand cleaning of cotton, and James Watt‘s 1769 invention of steam engine to solve the problem of pumping out water out of British coal mines were some such instances. These familiar examples deceive us into assuming that other major inventions were also responses to perceived needs. In fact, many or most inventions were developed by people driven by curiosity or by a love of tinkering, in the absence of any initial demand for the product they had in mind. Once a device had been invented, the inventor then had to find an application for it. Only after it had been in use for a considerable time did consumers come to feel that they 'needed' it. Still other devices, invented to serve one purpose, eventually found most of their use for other, unanticipated purposes. Some inventions in search of an initial use included most of the major technological breakthroughs of modern times, including the airplane, the automobile, internal combustion engine, electric light bulb, the phonograph and transistor. Thus, invention is often the mother of necessity, rather than vice versa. For example, when Edison built his first phonograph in 1877, he published an article listing ten uses to which his invention might be put. Reproduction of music did not figure high on that list. Only after 20 years did Edison reluctantly concede that the main use of his phonograph was to play and record music. Again, when Nikolaus Otto built his first gas engine, in 1866, horses had been supplying people‘s land transportation needs for nearly 600 years, supplemented increasingly by steam-powered railroads, for several decades. There was no crisis in the availability of horses, no dissatisfaction with railroads. In 1896, Gottfried Daimler built the first truck. In 1905, motor vehicles were still expensive, unreliable toys for the rich. Public contentment with horses and railroads remained high until World War 1, when the military concluded that it really did need trucks. Intensive postwar lobbying by truck manufacturers and armies finally convinced the public of its own needs and enabled trucks to begin to supplant horse drawn wagons in industrialized countries. Thus the commonsense view of invention that served as our starting point reverses the role of invention and need, and probably overstates the importance of rare geniuses such as Watt and Edison. That 'heroic theory of Invention' is encouraged by patent law, because an applicant for a patent must prove the novelty of the invention submitted. Inventors thereby have a financial incentive to denigrate or ignore previous work. In truth, technology develops cumulatively, and through the inventions and improvements of many predecessors and successors; rather than in isolated heroic acts, and it finds most of its uses after it has been invented, rather than being invented to meet a foreseen need.
[1] The MOST APPROPRIATE title for the passage would be:
(A) Mother of Necessity
(B) Inventors or Villains?
(C) The Heroic Theory of Invention
(D) Inventions, not Necessities[2] Which of the following statements is INCORRECT as per the given passage?
(A) Patent laws facilitate unnecessary inventions.
(B) Inventions give rise to needs in society.
(C) Curiosity is the mother of invention.
(D) The military helped to popularize the use of trucks.[3] According to the passage:
(A) airplanes and automobiles were invented out of curiosity.
(B) curiosity and necessity are the main obstacles for invention.
(C) the applications of an invention are often not apparent immediately.
(D) society helps to fulfill an inventor‘s need for money and fame.[4] The last sentence of the passage implies that:
(A) the author does not believe in the concept of "heroic inventions".
(B) an invention does not always have to be in response to some perceived need.
(C) isolated heroic acts do not give rise to inventions.
(D) initial inventors are never recognized.asked in JMET
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71.
Can poor countries afford to be green? That is a question which politicians in the developing world have often asked pointedly. To them, it seems that the obsession of some rich type with preserving forests and saving cuddly animals like pandas or lemurs, while paying less attention to the human brings living nearby, is both cynical and hypocritical. There is of course plenty of evidence that greenery and growth are not polar opposite. After decades of expansion in China and other fast-emerging economies, some of the negative side-effects and their impact on human welfare, above all the death toll caused by foul air and water, are horribly clear. Yet the relationship between growth and the state of environment is far from simple. Some experts feel that poor countries have been quiet right to challenge the sort of green orthodox which rejects the very idea of economic growth. Indeed, the single biggest variable in determining the countries ranking is income per head. But that doesn‘t imply that economic growth automatically leads to an improvement in the environment. Growth does offer solutions to the sorts of environmental woes (local air pollution, for example) that directly kill humans. This matters, because about a quarter of all deaths in the world have some link to environmental factors. Most of the victims are poor people who are already vulnerable because of bad living conditions, lack of access to medicine, and malnutrition. Among the killers especially of children, in which the environment plays the role, are diarrhoea, respiratory and infections and malaria. These diseases reinforce a vicious circle of poverty and hopelessness by depressing production. According to the World Bank, the economic burden on society caused by bad environmental health amounts to between 2% and 5% of GDP. As poor countries get richer, they usually invest heavily in environmental improvements, such as cleaning up water supplies and improving sanitation, that boost human health. But the link between growth and environmentally benign outcomes is much less clear when it comes to the sort of pollution that fouls up nature (such as acid rain, which poisons lakes and forests) as opposed to directly killing human beings. The key to addressing that sort of pollution is not just money but good governance. Hence the poor Dominican Republic is much healthier than nearby Haiti, Costa Rica is far ahead of Nicaragua, in spite of broadly similar nature and resources, and wealthy Belgium is the sick man of Western Europe, with an environmental record worse than that of many developing countries.
[1] The passage DOES NOT talk about:
(A) the impact of environmental health on economic growth.
(B) factors determining good governance.
(C) the impact of economic growth on environment health.
(D) environmental factors affecting child mortality.[2] Which one of the following statements CANNOT be inferred from the passage?
(A) Fast-emerging economies are responsible for polluting their environment.
(B) Bad environmental health affects a country‘s production.
(C) Environment can be protected only after economic prosperity has been achieved.
(D) The link between the state of the environment and human health is ambiguous.[3] The MOST APPROPRIATE title for the passage would be:
(A) How Green is Their Growth?
(B) Green Orthodoxy
(C) Growth vs Greenery
(D) Global Warming[4] Which one of the following can be MOST APPROPRIATELY inferred from the passage?
(A) Environmental health should be the single biggest variable in determining a country‘s ranking.
(B) Poor countries cannot afford to save forests or protect cuddly animals.
(C) Haiti, Nicaragua and Belgium are the most polluted countries in the world.
(D) Economic progress can help to ease environmental woes, as long as the governance is good.asked in JMET
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72.
With each passing day, it is getting easier to believe that the acceleration in India's economic growth from around 6% to 8% is here to stay. The hard part is trying to explain why this has happened. How this is explained is important since it has a bearing on our future policy.
As per conventional wisdom, India's growth accelerated to around 6% in the nineties from the historical rate of 3.5% because 'reforms' had unleashed the pent-up energies of Indian entrepreneurs long shackled by the socialist raj. It slowed subsequently because 'reforms' had lost momentum. The last three years' spurt in growth is the fortuitous result of a global economic boom. Once the world economy slows down, we will be back to 6% growth - unless we proceed with 'second generation' reforms.
However each of these propositions bristles with problems. It is not true that economic growth rate accelerated to 6% in the nineties. In fact, research has shown that the 'structural break' in India's economic growth occurred not in the early nineties but in the eighties, when economic growth accelerated to close to 6%. The growth in the first decade after reforms was not significantly different from the growth rate in the eighties. The 'reforms' in the sense of market-oriented or even pro-business policies did not commence overnight in 1991, but had commenced earlier. Economic policies in the nineties merely helped consolidate an underlying trend.
Subsequently, the world economy slowed down in 2001-03, which put the brakes on the Indian economy. Then came the crucial change, an acceleration to 8% in 2004-06. This cannot be ascribed to any fresh bout of ‘reforms’ or even to the global boom. There have been important structural changes in the economy. One is the rise in the savings rate from 23.5% in 2000-01 to 29.1 % in 2004-05. Most of this increase has come from the turnaround in public savings. Thanks to the rise in the savings rate, the economy has moved on to an altogether higher investment rate. The second structural change is enhanced export competitiveness, reflected in the rising share of exports. The total exports (trade plus invisible receipts) / GDP ratio has risen sharply from 16.9% in 2000-01 to 24.6% in 2005-06. A third, less noticed change in recent years is financial deepening. The bank assets / GDP ratio rose from 48% in 2000-01 to 80% in 2005-06 on the back of a surge in bank credit.
One factor is common to these three structural changes: lower interest rates. The decline in interest rates has helped fiscal consolidation, it has boosted firms' competitiveness and it has led to a huge increase in retail credit. Lower interest rates have been made possible by the rise in inflows on both current and capital accounts. The rise in inflows, in turn, reflects growing overseas confidence in India's economic potential - confidence created by two decades of economic growth of 6%. The sharp depreciation in the rupee in the nineties undoubtedly helped but it is worth recalling that a trend towards rupee depreciation was under way to the eighties itself.[1] The passage DOES NOT discuss
1. factors contributing to lower interest rates
2. the importance of world economy on India's reform rates
3. dimensions of structural changes in India's economic reforms
4. the role of the public sector in India's reforms[2] Which of the following statements is INCORRECT according to the passage?
1. Growth rate after reforms was similar to that in the eighties
2. Reforms in economic policies had started prior to the nineties
3. Structural changes in the Indian economy have helped lower interest rates
4. Increase in public savings rate has contributed to higher investment ratesasked in JMET
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