- DI & DS
- English Language
- GK
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Intelligence & CR
- Alphabet & Number Ranking
- Analytical Reasoning
- Blood Relations Test
- Coding - Decoding
- Comparision of Ranks
- Direction Sense Test
- Mathematical Operation / Number Puzzles
- Series
- Sitting Arrangement
- Statement and Arguement
- Statement and Conclusion
- Statement and Course of Action
- Statement-Assumption
- Syllogism
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Mathematical Skills
- Average
- Calender
- Clocks
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- Height and Distance
- Logarithms
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- Number System
- Percentage
- Permutation and Computation
- Probability
- Profit and Loss
- Ratio and Proportion
- Set Theory
- Simple calculations
- Simple Equations
- Simple Interest and Compound Interest
- Time and Work
- Time, Speed and Distance
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73.
As a memory researcher, I have long been intrigued by the phenomenon of memory failures. What are the different ways that memory can get us into trouble? Bringing together everything I knew of memory's imperfections, lapses, mistakes and distortions, I hit on a way of thinking that helped to make things fall in place. I propose that memory's malfunctions can be divided into seven fundamental transgressions or "sins", which I call transience, absentmindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and persistence. Just like the ancient seven deadly sins, the memory sins occur frequently in everyday life and can have serious consequences for all of us.
Transience, absent-mindedness and blocking are sins of omission: we fail to bring to mind a desired fact, event or idea. Transience refers to a weakening or loss of memory over time. It is probably not difficult for you to remember now what you have been doing for the past several hours. But if I ask you about the same activities six weeks, six months, or six years from now, chances are you will remember less and less. Transience is a basic feature of memory, and the culprit in many memory problems.
Absent-mindedness involves a breakdown at the interface between attention and memory. Absent-minded memory errors - misplacing keys or eye-glasses, or forgetting a lunch appointment - typically occur because we are preoccupied with distracting issues or concerns, and do not focus attention on what we need to remember. The desired information is not lost over time; it is either never registered in memory to begin with, or not sought after at the moment it is needed, because attention is focused elsewhere.
The third sin, blocking, entails a thwarted search for information we may be desperately trying to retrieve. We have all failed to produce a name to accompany a familiar face. This frustrating experience happens even though we are attending carefully to the task at hand, and even though the desired name has not faded from our minds - as we become acutely aware when we unexpectedly retrieve the blocked name hours or days later.
In contrast to these three sins of omission, the next four sins of misattribution suggestibility, bias, and persistence are all sins of commission: some form of memory is present, but it is either incorrect or unwanted. The sin of misattribution involves assigning a memory to the wrong source: mistaking fantasy for reality, or incorrectly remembering that a friend told you a bit of trivia that you actually read about in a newspaper. Misattribution is far more common than people realize, and has potentially profound implications in legal settings. The related sin of suggestibility refers to memories that are implanted as a result of leading questions, comments, or suggestions when a person is trying to call up a past experience. Like misattribution, suggestibility is especially relevant to - and can sometimes create havoc within- the legal system.
The sin of bias reflects the powerful influences of our current knowledge and beliefs on how we remember our pasts. We often unknowingly or unconsciously edit or rewrite our previous experiences in light of what we now know or believe. The result can be a skewed rendering of a specific incident, or even an extended period of our lives, which says more about how we feel now than about what happened then.
The seventh sin - persistence - entails repeated recall of disturbing information or events that we would prefer to banish from our minds altogether: remembering what we cannot forget, even though we wish that we could. Everyone is familiar with persistence to some degree: recall the last time that you suddenly awoke at 3:00 AM, unable to keep out of your mind a painful blunder on the job or a disappointing result on an important exam. In more extreme cases of serious depression or traumatic experience, persistence can be disabling and even life-threatening.[1] The above passage implies that
1. sins of commission are more serious memory malfunctions than sins of omission
2. the sin of bills arises as a result of misattribution
3. the sin of persistence most frequently occurs when we are asleep
4. sins of omission involve presence of memory in some form or other
[2] In the passage, the term "transience" refers to
1. transference
2. truculence
3. ephemeral
4. epiphanic[3] The above passage DOES NOT mention
1. impact of memory malfunctions on daily lives
2. reasons for memory malfunctions
3. relationship between seven memory sins and seven deadly sins
4. lapses and distortions of memoryasked in JMET
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74.
Pick up a glossy magazine or newspaper supplement and there will almost certainly be at least one double page spread that looks like a regular editorial page but is headed up either 'promotion' or 'advertisement'. These hybrids - unattractively but aptly called advertorials - are being used with increasing frequency by a growing number of companies. Traditionally the preserve of high-technology clients with a complicated message to get across to potential customers, the use of this technique has now spread to sectors like financial services, alcohol and automobiles.
One major reason why marketing departments are becoming more receptive to ideas for advertorials is that publishers are pursuing them more aggressively at a time of shrinking ad budgets, while they are being treated far more professionally in a bid to persuade clients that this is a creative opportunity to spread their message to their target audiences. Pouring more imagination into them allied with raising production standards has also been a means whereby the commercial executives of magazines and newspapers can try to convince skeptical editors who strongly disapprove of blurring the advertising / editorial line of their worth.
What advertorials are about is control - controlling the message in an editorial format. Positive editorial coverage of a company and / or its products in credible publications is the best publicity any company can hope for, but often proves elusive. A successful advertorial can pinpoint the way the company delivers its message to the heart of its target audience.
High technology was one of the main sources of early advertorials - unsurprisingly the products are complex and need to be explained with some technical detail to get the story across. That is not so easy with traditional advertising.
Advertorials can also to some degree circumvent journalistic indifference to what a company is doing because editorial coverage has already been so extensive. For example, in the case of a company like Compaq, whose swift growth in the computer market attracted many inches of editorial space, that very success can lead to journalists wondering how they can write something different about Compaq. There can be diminishing returns from an editorial point of view. So advertorials let the company present things editorially but with bought space. While they should be strongly labeled, information is being given to readers in a format that looks familiar.[1] In the above passage, the phrase "blurring the advertising / editorial line of their worth" implies
1. diluting the perceived quality of their editorials
2. hiding the actual value of the paper
3. obscuring the actual facts in the paper
4. devaluing the advertising potential of the editorials[2] In the light of your reading of the passage above, identify the option that contains the set of words CLOSEST in meaning to the set of words in CAPITALS:
SCEPTICAL: CIRCUMVENT : ELUSIVE
1 incredulous : surround : baffling
2. doubtful : avoid : evasive
3. thoughtful: deceit: illustrative
4. philosophical : revolve : deceptive[3] According to the passage,
1. high technology does not support traditional advertising
2. traditional joumalists are indifferent to advertorials
3. advertorials facilitate advertising of complex products in a professional manner
4. advertorials occupy double page spreads in magazines[4] The passage DOES NOT discuss
1. attitude of journalists towards advertising
2. advertorials and the publishing industry
3. use of advertorials in industries
4. impact of new technologies on advertorialsasked in JMET
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75.
I feel that this award was not made to me as a man, but to my work - a life's work in the agony and sweat of the human spirit, not for glory and least of all for profit, but to create out of the materials of the human spirit something which did not exist before. So this award is only mine in trust. It will not be difficult to find a dedication for the money part of it commensurate with the purpose .and significance of its origin. But I would like to do the same with the acclaim too, by using this moment as a pinnacle from which I might be listened to by the young men and women already dedicated to the same anguish and travail, among whom is already that one who will some day stand here where I am standing.
Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fear so long sustained by now
that we can even bear it. There are no longer problems of the spirit. There is only the question: When will I be blown up? Because of this, the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about, worth the agony and the sweat.
He must learn them again. He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid; and, teaching himself that, forget it forever, leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart, the old universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed - love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice. Until he does so, he labors under a curse. He writes not of love but of lust, of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value, of victories without hope and, worst of all, without pity or compassion. His griefs grieve on no universal bones, leaving no scars. He writes not of the heart but of the glands.
Until he relearns these things, he will write as though he stood among and watched the end of man. I decline to accept the end of man. It is easy enough to say that man is immortal simply because he will endure: that when the last ding-dong of doom has clanged and faded from the last worthless rock hanging tideless in the last red and dying evening, that even then there will still be one more sound: that or his puny inexhaustible voice, still talking. I refuse to accept this. I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of compassion and sacrifice and endurance. The poet's, the writer's, duty is to write about these things. It is his privilege to help man endure by lifting his spirit, by reminding him of the courage and honor and hope and pride and compassion and pity and sacrifice which have been the glory of his past. The poet's voice need not merely be the record of man, it can be one of the props, the pillars to help him endure and prevail.[1] The phrase "labors under a curse" in paragraph 3 means that the young writer
1. is under a curse, so to speak
2. continues to work though he is cursed
3. is condemned to be abject
4. is given to lusts[2] Which of the following inferences CANNOT be drawn from the passage?
1. Good writing is always about the conflicted human heart
2. A writer should overcome his fear and advocate the universal truths
3. A writer should not seek money or fame
4. A writer should espouse the immortality of the human soul[3] Which of the following is the MOST APT title for this passage?
1. The Tragedy of Mankind
2. Human Heart in Conflict
3. The Writer's Duty
4. The Spirit of Man
asked in JMET
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76.
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77.
Come with me to Kiebera: the largest shantytown in sub-Saharan Africa. More than 500,000 people live in this vast illegal section of Nairobi, in mud huts on mud streets, with no fresh water or sanitation. Walk down Kiebera’s sodden pathways and you’ll see a great deal of hunger, poverty, and disease. But you’ll also find health clinics, beauty salons, grocery stores, bars, restaurants, tailors, clothiers, churches, and schools. In the midst of squalor and open sewage, business is booming.
Indeed, Kiebera’s underground economy is so vibrant that it has produced its own squatter millionaire, someone I have known for years. From his start a generation ago selling cigarettes and biscuits from the window of his hut, this Kenyan (he asked to remain unnamed) has assembled an empire that includes pharmacies, groceries, bars, beverage-distribution outlets, transportation and manufacturing firms, and even real estate.
Families flock to Kiebera for the same reason country folk have always migrated to the city–in search of oppurtunity. In the city they find work but not a place to live. So they build illegally on land they don’t own. There are a billion squatters in the world today, almost one in six people on the planet. And their numbers are on the rise. Current projections are that by 2030 there will be two billion squatters, and by 2050, three billion, better than one in three people on the planet.
In itself, it is nothing to worry about, for squatting has long had a positive role in urban development. Many urban neighbourhoods in Europe and North America began as squatter outposts. London and Paris boasted huge swaths of mud and stick homes, even during the glory years of the British and French monarchies. Squatters were a significant force in most U.S. cities too. It would no doubt surprise residents paying millions for coop apartments on Manhattens’ Upper East and West Sides to know that squatters occupied much of the turf under their buildings until the start of the 20th century. ............. from an article by Robert Neuwirth.[1] The author argues that Kiebera becoming the shantytown is not unusual because
(a) Kiebera has many poor people who have come to earn but have no land to live on.
(b) Researchers have predicted that squatters will continue to grow in numbers.
(c) Squatting has long had a positive role in urban development.
(d) All of the above.[2] The prosperity of Kierbera’s underground economy is described by the author through
(a) The description of Kiebera
(b) The description of his friends businesses.
(c) The comparison with co-op apartments of Manhatten
(d) The history of London and Paris.[3] The author puts forward the thesis that
(a) Squatters will continue to rise in numbers in the coming years irrespective of whether they are from poor countries or not.
(b) There is nothing wrong in squatting on the land of a stranger.
(c) London & Paris too are shantytowns.
(d) Even today squatters live under the Manhatten’s coop apartments.[4] What is the most appropriate title for this passage?
(a) Kiebera-Squatters’ Paradise of Nairobi
(b) Squatters of the World
(c) Squatter Cities
(d) Future of Squattersasked in SNAP
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78.
As the climate in the Middle East changed beginning around 7000 B.C.E., conditions emerged that were conducive to a more complex and advanced form of civilization in both Egypt and Mesopotamia. The process began when the swampy valleys of the Nile in Egypt and of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia became driver, producing reverine lands that were both habitable and fertile, and attracting settlers armed with the newly developed techniques of agriculture. This migration was further encouraged by the gradual transformation of the once hospitable grasslands of these regions into deserts. Human population became increasingly concentrated into pockets of settlement scattered along the banks of the great rivers.
These rivers profoundly shaped the way of life along their banks. In Mesopotamia, the management of water in conditions of upredictable drought, flood and storm became the central economic and social challenge. Villagers began early to build simple earthworks, dikes, canals, and ditches to control the waters and reduce the opposing dangers of drought during the dry season (usually the spring) and flooding at harvest time.
Such efforts required a degree of cooperation among large numbers of people that had not previously existed. The individual village, containing only a dozen or so houses and families, was economically vulnerable; but when several villages, probably under the direction of a council of elders, learned to share their human resources in the building of a coordinated network of water-control systems, the safety, stability, and prosperity of all improved. In this new cooperation, the seeds of the great Mesopotamian civilizations were being sown.
Technological and methematical invention, too, were stimulated by life along rivers. Such devices as the noria (a primitive waterwheel) and the Archimedean screw (a device for raising water from the low riverbanks to the high ground where it was needed), two forerunners of many more varied and complex machines, were first developed here for use in irrigation systems. Similarly, the earliest methods of measurement and computation and the first developments in geometry were stimulated by the need to keep track of land holdings and boundaries in fields that were periodically inundated.
The rivers served as high roads of the earlist commerce. Traders used boats made of boundles of rushes to transport grains, fruits, nuts, fibers, and textiles from one village to another, transforming the rivers into the central spines of nascent commercial kingdoms. Trade expanded surprisingly widely; we have evidence suggesting that, even before the establishment of the first Egyptian dynasty, goods were being exchanged between villagers in Egypt and others as far away as Iran.
Similar developments were occuring at much the same time along the great river valleys in other parts of the world – for example, along the Indus in India and the Hwang Ho in China. The history of early civilization has been shaped to a remarkable degree by the relation of humans and rivers.[1] This passage basically explains
(a) the similarities and differences among several ancient societies
(b) the influence of river settlements on the growth of early civilizations
(c) how climatic changes led to the founding of the earliest recorded cities.
(d) the development of primitive technologies in the ancient Middle East.[2] According to the passage, the increasing aridity of formally fertile grasslands in Egypt and Mesopotamia caused the settlement patterns in those regions to become.
(a) less nomadic
(b) less stable
(c) more concentrated
(d) more sparse[3] The passage implies that the earliest geometry was practiced primarily by
(a) farm workers
(b) land owners
(c) traders and merchants
(d) mechanical artisans[4] The passage indicates that the social effects of the unpredictability of water supplies in Mesopotamia was
(a) to encourage cooperation in the creation of water management systems
(b) to drive farmers to settle in fertile grasslands far from the uncontrollable rivers
(c) to cause warfare over water rights among rival villages
(d) None of the above.[5] The passage refers to the earliest trade routes in the Middle East.
(a) between various centrally ruled commercial kingdoms
(b) between linked villages in Egypt with others in Iran
(c) between connected villages that were scattered along the banks of the same river.
(d) between the inhabitants of small villages and the dynastic kings who ruled them.[6] The passage implies that the emergence of complex civilizations in the Middle East was dependent upon the previous development of
(a) a system of centralized government
(b) symbolic systems for writing and mathematical computation
(c) a method of storing and transferring wealth
(d) basic techniques of agriculture[7] By referring to emerging civilizations in India and China the author wants to emphasize the
(a) relatively advanced position enjoyed by the Middle East in comparison to other regions
(b) rapidity with which social systems developed in the Middle East spread to other places
(c) crucial role played by rivers in the development of human cultures around the world
(d) importance of water transportation in the growth of early tradeasked in SNAP
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