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41.
In the debates following the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women observed a few days ago, some critical issues have come to the fore. Is it time to advocate for a completely separate apparatus of courts, law enforcement mechanisms and laws for women? What are the strengths and limits of such a proposal? The issue of separate courts for women or family disputes has been a subject of debate for many years. A number of states have already set up special courts for women, including Maharashtra, with proposals pending in Karnataka and Delhi. These courts have taken on different incarnations at the state level with the Maharashtra courts designated as family courts to deal with family disputes and matrimonial matters; the Delhi courts are intended to deal exclusively with rape cases. However, the idea behind the special courts is to deal speedily with atrocities against women.
In 2006, a Bill to set up special courts for women was introduced in the Lok Sabha. The courts are intended to deal primarily with offences of rape, criminal assault, mental injury and sexual harassment against women. The courts are to be presided over by a chief judge, with additional judges appointed depending on the requirement in specific cases, and at least half of the judges’ posts are to be reserved for women.
The idea behind these special courts is that they will provide speedy justice to women and be women-friendly as well. These courts are also intended to provide a more private space for women, especially to rape victims who are frequently traumatized by the trial process that currently exists.
The idea of separate women police cells has also been mooted from time to time. The centre has been advising state governments regarding to steps that need to be taken, especially at the level of law enforcement, to afford greater protection to women and in particular to prevent crimes against them. These advisories include gender sensitization of the police, adopting appropriate measures for swift and effective punishment to public servants found guilty of custodial violence against women, minimizing delays in investigations of murder, rape and torture of women and setting up ‘crimes against women cells’ in districts where they do not exist.
The National Commission for Women has also undertaken visits to various states to review the status of women and conduct its own investigations in certain cases of serious incidents of crime against women. The Commission’s findings indicate that the level of sensitivity and care with which crimes against women are handled is woefully inadequate. It has also observed that the filling of FIRs even in acutely abusive or violent cases continues to be a problem. The setting up of women police cells is one of the ways in which to alleviate these problems.
While proposals for separate courts, police cells and specific laws for women are demands that women themselves are making, there is a need to be alternative to the ways in which such initiatives might actually boomerang. Addressing women’s issues of violence in a separate court structure could sequester women’s issues into a dark corner, where reports of violence and abuse become muted. The role of the media in bringing the spotlight to bear on issues of violence has been crucial.[1] Which of the following was/were the points of debate that followed the celebration of International Day for Elimination of Violence against Women?
(A) Propriety of setting up separate courts for dealing with matters related to atrocities against women
(B) Whether there should be a separate women police cell
(C) Whether there should be a separate set of laws devised exclusively to deal with problem related to women.
(1) A and (B) only
(2) B and C only
(3) A and C only
(4) All are three
(5) None of these[2] Which of the following is definitely TRUE about the courts for women?
(A) Family courts in Maharashtra and special courts for women in the other states have a common ideological base.
(B) Special courts for women in Delhi have been dealing exclusively with rape cases since 2006.
(C) Karnataka State is not in favour of special courts for women.
(1) Only B
(2) Only C
(3) Only A
(4) A and B only
(5) None of these[3] Which of the following is/are the objective(s) of setting up special courts for women?
(A) Hastily disposing of the cases involving women so that the time so saved could be better utilized for settling other disputes.
(B) Providing privacy for hearing so that probable embarrassment of women, particularly rape, victims, is avoided.
(C) Frequently traumatizing the accused of rape victims so that they are duly penalized for their misdeed.
(1) Only A
(2) Only B
(3) Only C
(4) A and C only
(5) None of these[4] Which of the following is NOT similar in meaning to the word “Boomerang” as used in the passage?
(1) Pull back
(2) Bounce back
(3) Rebound
(4) Ricochet
(5) Come back[5] The word “they” in the last line of the fifth paragraph refers to _________
(1) women
(2) crimes
(3) districts
(4) rape and torture
(5) None of these[6] The assumption underlying the proposal for reservation of at least fifty percent posts of judges for women is that __________.
(1) Women have better capability to judge criminal cases
(2) Male judges cannot be impartial in their judgement
(3) male judges are likely to tilt their judgement unduly in favour of women victims
(4) women judges can easily become duly women friendly and still remain impartial
(5) male judges cannot be gender-sensitized easily[7] By establishing separate women police cells, all of the following are likely to be realized EXCEPT –
(1) greater protection to women
(2) prevention of crimes against women
(3) quicker and effective punishment to the guilty of crime against women
(4) punitive action against media unduly highlighting the crimes
(5) None of these[8] The author of the passage seems to be –
(1) apprehensive about the effectiveness of special courts, laws and separate cells for women
(2) in favour of status quo regarding measures to deal with cases against women
(3) a strong opponent of the idea of having separate laws and courts for women
(4) unduly and irrationally against the male members
(5) treating women folk too much vulnerable to crimes[9] Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word given in bold as used in the passage.
apparatus
(1) premises
(2) machinery
(3) stationery
(4) functions
(5) regulations
[10] Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word given in bold as used in the passage.
acutely
(1) highly
(2) intentionally
(3) primarily
(4) mechanically
(5) legally
[11] Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word given in bold as used in the passage.
muted
(1) negligible
(2) nullified
(3) subdued
(4) neutralized
(5) empathetic
[12] Choose the word which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of the word given in bold as used in the passage.
sequester
(1) confiscate
(2) hide
(3) capture
(4) impound
(5) restore
[13] Choose the word which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of the word given in bold as used in the passage.
woefully
(1) dolefully
(2) rudely
(3) significantly
(4) cheerfully
(5) mercilessly
asked in NMAT
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42.
Though the last twenty-five years have seen China dazzle the world with its excellent economic performance it has shied away from playing the kind of active role in international affairs that would seen commensurate with its economic weight. This is because traditionally China’s politics have been defined by the need for economic development above all else. In the past China’s authorities have tended to downplay the country’s international clout, choosing to stress instead its development country status and limited military capabilities. Such modest rhetoric was intended to allay the fears that China’s rise was causing across its immediate neighborhood. That Beijing is finally acknowledging its status as a major player in the international system is evidenced by the fact that the president has formally development a theory of international relations; the concept of harmonious world. The concept, encompassing broad notions of multilateralism, prosperity for all through common development and tolerance for diversity has left world opinion perplexed. These are commendable objectives but the theory is short on specifics regarding the means to achieve them.
China’s recent willingness to be a more active player internationally stems from complex factors. The country’s economic strength – having acquired the largest foreign exchange reserves in the world – is undeniable and reports favour it to be the largest economy in the next quarter of a century. For sustained double digit economic digit economic growth China thus has no choice but to become more active internationally. Moreover as a major proportion of the oil and other natural resources that China needs to feed its growing economy are imported Beijing has to aggressively woo the countries rich in energy resources, which also represent emerging markets for Chinese products. To ensure a stable security environment within the region and thus facilitate economic growth China played an active role in facilitating negotiations with North Korea. Destabilization of a potential flashpoint like the Korean peninsula would lead to a flood of refugees crossing the border, interrupting careful plans economic rejuvenation of China’s North – East. China’s growing influence has caused a shift in the geopolitical status quo and its influence is beginning to replace that of the United States and European powers in Africa. China‘s new diplomacy though has had its share of critics who have expressed their unease at China’s military modernization programme and its willingness to deal with regimes widely condemned as corrupt and oppressive. Despite this when the Africa was in need of aid and infrastructure or the US needed help in negotiating with Korea they turned to China. By taking a lead in a variety of international and regional forums, initiating bilateral and military exchange and dispensing aid and technical assistance in parts of the world where traditional powers are cautious to tread China has signaled that its days of sitting on the sidelines content to let other shape world affairs are emphatically over.[1] What has been the fallout of China’s increased participation in world affairs?
(1) International scrutiny of its economic policies
(2) Growth of corruption among its politicians
(3) Its influence and prestige grow substantially.
(4) Its growth rate has stabilized
(5) None of these[2] Why has China traditionally been a passive spectator in global affairs?
(1) To safeguard its oil resources
(2) To conceal its economic predicament
(3) Economic dominance of the US
(4) To maintain security in its vicinity
(5) To focus on domestic economic growth[3] Which of the following best describes China’s international status?
(1) Cause of insecurity among developing nations
(2) Largest economy in the world
(3) Largest donor of aid to developing countries
(4) Pioneer of implementing a “harmonious world” philosophy
(5) None of these[4] The main purpose behind Beijing’s intervention in North Korea is to –
(1) Ensure that the US acknowledges China’s growing military influence
(2) Prevent any hindrances to its domestic economic development programmes
(3) Protect its financial investment in neighbouring countries
(4) Provide humanitarian assistance to one of its strongest allies Korea
(5) None of these[5] Which of the following CANNOT be said about China’s international relations theory?
(1) The theory is ambiguous in nature
(2) The theory reflects China’s realization that it occupies a vital place in global affairs
(3) It promotes the concept of common development for all nations
(4) It is a theory which explains China’s sustained growth rate
(5) It emphasizes achieving prosperity through universal development.[6] Which of the following is TRUE in the context of the passage?
(1) China’s current political standing internationally is disproportionate to its financial strength
(2) China is a reluctant participant in military dialogues
(3) The harmonious world theory is the only utilitarian remedy to the current challenges facing the world
(4) The US has recognized and acknowledged China’s growing international reputation.
(5) China has stopped dealing with corrupt countries because of international pressure[7] Which of the following is an outcome of Beijing’s role in Africa?
(1) America’s influence in the region has reduced
(2) Instability in the region
(3) The amount of aid from Europe and other countries has doubled
(4) The balance of power in Africa has shifted in favour of Europe over the US
(5) None of theseasked in NMAT
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